{"id":7545,"date":"2013-12-23T09:46:23","date_gmt":"2013-12-23T09:46:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/?p=7545"},"modified":"2013-12-23T09:46:23","modified_gmt":"2013-12-23T09:46:23","slug":"recipe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2013\/12\/23\/recipe\/","title":{"rendered":"A Christmas recipe for perfect landslides"},"content":{"rendered":"<h5>Context for the recipe<\/h5>\n<p>As Christmas approaches the newspapers in the UK are full of recipes for the perfect mince pie \/ christmas pudding \/ turkey.\u00a0 That set me thinking about the recipe for the perfect landslide.\u00a0 This is what I came up with:<\/p>\n<h5>Raw ingredients<\/h5>\n<p>You will need a pile of weak rocks.\u00a0 If these aren&#8217;t available, and shops do tend to sell out of useful things this close to Christmas, a pile of strong rocks with many joints will be a satisfactory alternative, and indeed may give some more spectacular large failures.\u00a0 Avoid very strong rocks with very few joints &#8211; this will give you a Scandinavian landscape, which is not completely without landslides but will tend to disappoint in terms of the frequency of events:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7546\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7546\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7546\" alt=\"recipe\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-1.jpg\" width=\"610\" height=\"385\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-1.jpg 610w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-1-300x189.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7546\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">http:\/\/photorator.com\/photo\/7668\/-pulpit-rock-preikestolen-norway-sergey-l<\/p><\/div>\n<p>..<\/p>\n<p><strong>Volcanic soils<\/strong> are a perfect introduction to landslide generation for those looking for a quick win.<\/p>\n<h5>Initial preparation<\/h5>\n<p>Subject your rocks to a few million years of <strong>rapid uplift<\/strong> (I find that something over 5 mm per year will be ideal).\u00a0 This should create an <strong>over-steepened<\/strong> landscape, but to try to avoid making your landscape too steep &#8211; in this case you&#8217;ll tend to get rockfalls rather than landslides.\u00a0 Your landscape does need to have a decent slope gradient though.\u00a0 To create the perfect conditions you will need a landscape that has steep slopes right down to the rivers, but with occasional flatter areas (perhaps old river terraces) &#8211; you will see why below.<\/p>\n<p>You will now need to marinade your landscape in a warm humid climate to generate really deep weathering &#8211; ideally to 20 metres depth or more.\u00a0 Daily temperatures of over 30 C and a millimetres of rainfall every day will be ideal.\u00a0 If you can get your soil to look like this then you will be doing well:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7547\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7547\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7547\" alt=\"recipe\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-2.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-2-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7547\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">http:\/\/www.latinamericanminerals.com\/gallery\/photographs\/<\/p><\/div>\n<p>..<\/p>\n<p>Shortly before you want to cook your landslides, I suggest that you completely <strong>deforest<\/strong> your landscape, ideally with aggressive clear-cutting to leave completely exposed soil, like this:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7548\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7548\" class=\"size-full wp-image-7548\" alt=\"recipe\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-3.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-3.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-3-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">http:\/\/webeyedea.info\/studentwork-11-12\/3-greenpeace\/daniel\/pages\/deforestation.html<\/p><\/div>\n<p>..<\/p>\n<h5>Creating the correct oven environment<\/h5>\n<p>To get your landslides going properly you will need two key aspects to your oven environment.\u00a0 First, you will need very <strong>heavy rainfall<\/strong>.\u00a0 Ideally this should be occasional (every few years), very large rainfall events, either as individual storms (a strong tropical cyclone is a good example) or more prolonged rainfall with occasional cloud burst events (such as the SW monsoon or the heavy rainfall in some parts of the world associated with El Nino events).\u00a0 Second, you should subject your landscape to occasional <strong>strong earthquakes<\/strong>.\u00a0 Generally speaking, rare very large earthquakes will give better landslides than frequent smaller events.\u00a0 Very satisfactory results can be achieved by a combination of a strong earthquake followed by a large rainstorm.<\/p>\n<h5>Advanced landslide cooking<\/h5>\n<p>For those looking for a truly exceptional set of landslides, you can pep up the recipe with the actions of <strong>people<\/strong>.\u00a0 Ideally, your population should be <strong>poor<\/strong>, living on the isolated flatter areas you created in the landscape above, and rapidly developing.\u00a0 In doing so, they should throw away their traditional agricultural techniques to grow <strong>inappropriate cash crops<\/strong> on steep land that is being cleared.\u00a0 To get these crops to market the local authorities should build <strong>new roads<\/strong> without any assessment of the stability of the route corridor and with no engineering measures to provide drainage or to stabilise the soil.\u00a0 The international aid agencies will probably provide funds to support this type of approach.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2013\/02\/01\/landslides-and-rural-roads-in-high-mountains-an-example-from-nepal\/\">This example from Nepal<\/a> will provide a good template:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-7549\" alt=\"13_12 recipe 4\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-4.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"799\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-4.jpg 640w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/12\/13_12-recipe-4-240x300.jpg 240w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>..<\/p>\n<p>The impact of the landslides will be increased significantly if you encourage the local people to move from their safe terraces to live beside the road.<\/p>\n<h5>Serving suggestion<\/h5>\n<p>A light sprinkling of <strong>global warming,<\/strong> and in particular increased storminess and higher rainfall intensities, should keep your landslides going well into the future.<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A recipe for how to create perfect landslides every time<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt 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