{"id":6810,"date":"2013-08-28T12:21:02","date_gmt":"2013-08-28T12:21:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/?p=6810"},"modified":"2013-08-28T12:21:02","modified_gmt":"2013-08-28T12:21:02","slug":"otuwhero-inlet-landslide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2013\/08\/28\/otuwhero-inlet-landslide\/","title":{"rendered":"A GNS Science report into the fatal landslide in June at Otuwhero Inlet in New Zealand"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Between 15th and 17th June this year exceptionally heavy rainfall in the Tasman District of New Zealand triggered large numbers of landslides in the Motueka area.\u00a0 One of these landslides, at Otuwhero Inlet, destroyed a house, killing the sole occupant.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gns.cri.nz\/\">GNS Science<\/a>, via the <a href=\"http:\/\/geonet.org.nz\/\">Geonet site<\/a>, have released a <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">report<\/a> (Page 2013) into this landslide, as well as other landslides triggered by that rainfall event.\u00a0 The report makes very interesting reading.<\/p>\n<p>The location of the landslide is shown below in a Google Earth oblique image.\u00a0 If you want to take a look it is at -41.017, 172.990.\u00a0 The image was collected in January 2013; I have circled the house that was struck by the landslide:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-NZ-landslide-report-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-6811\" alt=\"13_08 NZ landslide report 1\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-NZ-landslide-report-1.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-NZ-landslide-report-1.jpg 1372w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-NZ-landslide-report-1-300x206.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-NZ-landslide-report-1-1024x703.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>..<\/p>\n<p>The photo below, from the <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS report<\/a>, shows the landslide and the destroyed house:<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6812\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6812\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6812\" title=\"GNS Science \/ Nelson Mail photo of the landslide at Otuwhero Inlet\" alt=\"13_08 GNS report image 1\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-1.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-1.png 1157w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-1-1024x684.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS Science<\/a> \/ Nelson Mail photo of the landslide at Otuwhero Inlet<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p>..<\/p>\n<p>There are a few really interesting things to note here.\u00a0 First, the crown of the landslide coincides with a track &#8211; this road is also evident on the Google Earth image above.\u00a0 Second, there is another (old) track running across the mid-point of the landslide.\u00a0 And third, the house has not been buried but rather has been pushed ahead of the landslide, and it has collapsed.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS Science report<\/a> provides an analysis of the rainfall at the time of the landslide.\u00a0 The nearest rain gauge, which is uncalibrated, has a 48 hour rainfall total of 336 mm, an impressively high value.\u00a0 It unsurprising that landslides occurred under these conditions.\u00a0 In terms of the landslide itself, the following are the key points from the report (although I&#8217;d recommend reading it properly):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The house was built on an old landslide deposit, which pre-dates the 1952 aerial survey.\u00a0 The single best indicator of the likelihood of a landslide at a location is the existence of earlier landslide deposits at that location.<\/li>\n<li>Clearly with the crown of the landslide being located at the edge of the track, the latter is of great importance.\u00a0 The investigation team found that the track is well-maintained and has good drainage, suggesting that water management was not the cause of the landslide.\u00a0 However,during maintenance of the track material had been dumped on the downslope side of the roadway.\u00a0 The report suggests that this happened between 2006 and 2010.\u00a0 Figure 21 from the report, shown below, suggests that these deposits were key to the landslide.\u00a0 In the background is the crown of the landslide scarp; in the foreground is some of this spoil material on the track edge.\u00a0 Clearly the landslide has failed through the spoil, which shows signs of tension cracking.\u00a0 The implication is that this spoil changed the stress state of the slope and its drainage properties, enhancing the likelihood of a landslide.\u00a0 Of course this material is weak, especially when saturated, which can allow the landslide to be both fast and mobile:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_6813\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6813\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6813\" alt=\"13_08 GNS report image 2\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-2.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-2.png 842w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-2-300x223.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6813\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 21 of the <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS Science report<\/a> showing the spoil dumped at the margin of the track<\/p><\/div>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8230;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nonetheless, this is a small landslide, so it is interesting to know why it killed the woman within the house.\u00a0 Clearly the structure was constructed at a location that was inappropriate in view of the landslide risk.\u00a0 The key element here is that the house was small (about 4 m wide and 11 m long) and constructed from very lightweight material (wall cladding of pressed metal and a corrugated iron roof).\u00a0 As the image below (from the <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS Science report<\/a>) shows, the landslide struck the rear of the house, which was pushed forward several metres and then collapsed.\u00a0 Debris entered the house; the victim had to be dug out from the landslide material.\u00a0 Thus, it is likely that a key contributing factor may have been the lightweight structure &#8211; a more substantive building may have withstood the landslide without collapsing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6815\" style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6815\" class=\"size-full wp-image-6815\" alt=\"Figure 8 of the GNS Science report showing the collapsed house and the piled up debris from the landslide\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-3.png\" width=\"640\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-3.png 1102w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-3-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2013\/08\/13_08-GNS-report-image-3-1024x762.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6815\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8 of the <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS Science report<\/a> showing the collapsed house and the piled up debris from the landslide<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Overall this is an excellent report that provides a very interesting insight into the factors that lie behind this tragedy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reference<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Page, M. J. 2013.\u00a0 Landslides and debris flows caused by the 15-17 June 2013 rain storm in the Marahua-Motuea area, and the fatal landslide at Otuwhero Inlet.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/info.geonet.org.nz\/display\/appdata\/Landslide+Reports\">GNS Science Report 2013\/44<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A GNS Science report examines the fatal landslide at Otuwhero Inlet in New Zealand.  The causes of the tragedy are more complex that one might have expected<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[469,959,7],"class_list":["post-6810","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-featured","tag-landslide-report","tag-new-zealand"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6810","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6810"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6810\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6810"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6810"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6810"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}