{"id":3863,"date":"2011-11-01T08:09:26","date_gmt":"2011-11-01T08:09:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/?p=3863"},"modified":"2011-11-02T06:57:31","modified_gmt":"2011-11-02T06:57:31","slug":"intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/","title":{"rendered":"Intriguing landslide of the week &#8211; catastrophic bluff collapse at WE Energies plant at Oak Creek in Wisconsin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Summary<\/strong>: An initial report of a landslide that occurred yesterday at the WE Energies electricity generating station in Wisconsin, USA.\u00a0 Some thoughts on possible causes are included.<\/p>\n<p>In Wisconsin yesterday a landslide occurred at the <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oak_Creek_Power_Plant\">WE Energies power station complex<\/a> near to Oak Creek in southern Wisconsin.\u00a0 This is the site, which is located on the western edge of Lake Michigan:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3864\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/11_11-wisconsin-1\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3864\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-1.jpg 1444w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-1-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-1-1024x678.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The landslide has occurred on the southern side of the complex in an area that is being developed for pollution control equipment (presumably sulphur scrubbers or suchlike).\u00a0 It appears to be a fairly mobile flow slide that covered an area that is reported to be &#8220;the size of a football field&#8221;:<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3865\" style=\"width: 522px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3865\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/power-plant-bluff-collapse-1\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3865\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3865\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"512\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-1-300x180.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3865\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">http:\/\/www.nctimes.com\/news\/national\/article_576a7846-ce5a-5f77-95bd-e34e5e8ddefc.html<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The image above shows the landslide quite well, but the youtube video below, which has news helicopter footage (and some rather excitable commentary,\u00a0 shows it rather better, and includes some close up imagery of the slide:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"COLLAPSE: Aerial View Of Oak Creek Bluff\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ewlbIPRzSMM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>There is a great deal of<a href=\"http:\/\/www.620wtmj.com\/news\/local\/132957248.html\"> speculation in the media<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wisn.com\/news\/29643642\/detail.html\">about the causes given that the weather conditions were dry at the time of the landslide<\/a>, and the area is in rainfall deficit over the last month.\u00a0 I do not know the cause, but would make the following observations that may be pertinent:<\/p>\n<p>1. The landslide occurred at the site of what was a topographic dip (probably an old channel of some sort).\u00a0 The Google Earth image below shows the are before the recent works were commenced (it is dated 2007):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3866\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/11_11-wisconsin-4\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3866\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-4.jpg 1444w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-4-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-4-1024x678.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This is clear also from the aerial view, but the area has been paved over and is partially covered with trailers or shipping containers:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3867\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/11_11-wisconsin-2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3867\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-2.jpg 1444w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-2-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-2-1024x678.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A perspective view which uses the digital elevation model from the time before the works were carried out (i.e. the topography might not be correct &#8211; see below), shows this:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3868\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/11_11-wisconsin-3\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3868\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-3.jpg 1444w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-3-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Wisconsin-3-1024x678.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>2. It seems likely that to create this parking area this topographic dip was partially filled.\u00a0 This still from the helicopter footage is really interesting:<\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3869\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/11_11-oak-creek-2\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3869\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"388\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-2.jpg 641w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-2-300x181.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Note two things here &#8211; first, there is a sheet pile wall (see below) that appears to truncate near to the edge of the landslide.\u00a0 Second, it appears that there is fill behind the wall that has partially collapsed.<\/p>\n<p>3. The depth of the retaining wall is les than that of the slide;\u00a0 The image above shows that the retaining wall does not reach the basal shear surface of the landslide.\u00a0 As such ist would provide little or no protection against the slip.\u00a0 It is interesting that in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nctimes.com\/news\/national\/article_576a7846-ce5a-5f77-95bd-e34e5e8ddefc.html\">this news report<\/a> the spokesman for the site described the slide as an &#8220;embankment&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>4. There is a pond very close to the crown of the landslide.\u00a0 I am not sure what this pond is for (I am no expect on power plants), but <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">IF<\/span> there was a leak then the slide had a ready supply of water.\u00a0 I would want to check the integrity of the liner.<\/p>\n<p>5. The materials in the slide look strange.\u00a0 Most notably, they are very dark grey \/ black, which does not seem to match the materials in the source area.\u00a0 It could be an optical illusion, but they seem to match the colour and consistence of lake silts\/clays or wet ash.\u00a0 I wonder what material might have been used to fill behind the retaining wall (<strong>update<\/strong> &#8211; as I was trying to hint here, it seems likely that this is ash).<\/p>\n<p><a rel=\"attachment wp-att-3870\" href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2011\/11\/01\/intriguing-landslide-of-the-week-catastrophic-bluff-collapse-at-oak-creek-in-wisconsin\/11_11-oak-creek-3\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-3870\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-3.jpg 637w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2011\/11\/11_11-Oak-Creek-3-300x181.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>People located closer to the site might have further insights &#8211; comments very welcome!<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An initial report of a landslide that occurred yesterday at the WE Energies electricity generating plant in Wisconsin, USA.  Some thoughts on possible causes are included.<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":3865,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3,29],"tags":[580,469,14,959],"class_list":["post-3863","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-landslide-report","category-landslide-video","tag-embankment","tag-featured","tag-flowslide","tag-landslide-report"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3863"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3863\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3865"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3863"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}