{"id":2281,"date":"2010-11-05T04:32:46","date_gmt":"2010-11-05T08:32:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/?p=2281"},"modified":"2010-11-06T03:59:09","modified_gmt":"2010-11-06T07:59:09","slug":"hurricane-tomas-mount-merapi-and-landslides-in-costa-rica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/2010\/11\/05\/hurricane-tomas-mount-merapi-and-landslides-in-costa-rica\/","title":{"rendered":"Hurricane Tomas, Mount Merapi and landslides in Costa Rica"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>With three substantial natural hazard events occurring simultaneously, I\u00a0thought I would post a round-up of those rapidly-evolving events:<\/p>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-track-5th-Nov.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2282\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-track-5th-Nov-300x179.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-track-5th-Nov-300x179.png 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-track-5th-Nov.png 580w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>1. Hurricane Tomas<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As feared, Hurricane Tomas is now bringing heavy rainfall to Haiti.\u00a0 The path of the storm has been somewhat erratic, as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tropicalstormrisk.com\/\">Tropical Storm Risk <\/a>track map shows.\u00a0 However, the storm is now tracking in\u00a0 a generally north-northwesterly direction, and is likely to pass just to the west of Haiti, if the latest forecasts are correct.<\/p>\n<p>NOAA\u00a0have provided two very useful images at this stage.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/storm_graphics\/AT21\/refresh\/AL2110W5+gif\/203114W_sm.gif\">The first is a map <\/a>showing in detail the forecast track of the storm, with the areas most\u00a0at risk highlighted.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-NOAA.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-2283\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-NOAA.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"716\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-NOAA.gif 895w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-NOAA-300x239.gif 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 716px) 100vw, 716px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The second is a map of rainfall potential over the next 24 hours, unfortunately in inches (1 inch = 25.4 mm):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-rfall-potential-5th-Nov.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2284 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-rfall-potential-5th-Nov.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"637\" height=\"456\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-rfall-potential-5th-Nov.png 637w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Tomas-rfall-potential-5th-Nov-300x214.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 637px) 100vw, 637px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This suggests that Port-au-Prince may avoid the worst of the storm, but that much of the earthquake-affected area can expect 100 to 200 mm of rainfall over the next 24 hours.\u00a0 This is a very significant amount, resulting in a high level of hazard.\u00a0 Of course there are many uncertainties in the equation here, and so no particular outcome across the spectrum of realistic possibilities\u00a0can be considered to be likely at this stage, and no-one should assume that Port-au-Prince will escape the worst of the storm.\u00a0\u00a0 The <a href=\"http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052748704805204575594792234133002.html\">Wall Street Journal has a good article <\/a>on the challenges of preparing for the storm.\u00a0 The next 24 hours will be very interesting.<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. Mount Merapi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The eruption at Mount Merapi has intensified very significantly over the last 24 hours, resulting in pyroclastic flows travelling over 15 km from the volcano.\u00a0 Some dramatic footage has been collected of much smaller pyroclastic flows travelling down the flanks of Merapi from an earlier eruption:<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Pyroclastic flows on Mt Merapi  Java  Indonesia\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Bz7WCttwXQk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Merapi-flood.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-2286\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Merapi-flood-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Merapi-flood-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Merapi-flood.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>The latest events may have one of two causes. First, they could be the result of collapse of the eruption column, which reportedly reached 16 km in altitude.\u00a0 Secondly, and more likely,\u00a0 the lava dome that was forming at the summit of the volcano underwent a partial or complete collapse.\u00a0 This is the normal mode for catastrophic pyroclastic flows on Merapi.\u00a0 The largest impact <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-11699945\">appears to have been <\/a>in the village of\u00a0Argomulyo, 18 km\u00a0from the crater, with 56 people reported to have been killed and a further 66 injured.\u00a0 Over 75,000 people have been evacuated, putting great strain on local resources.\u00a0 A substantial secondary hazard associated with Merapi is that of volcanic landslides (lahars).\u00a0 There is some evidence, including the image\u00a0to the right\u00a0(<a href=\"http:\/\/twitpic.com\/340au0\">from here<\/a>), which reportedly shows the Code River in flood downstream of the volcano.\u00a0 Heavy rainfall is occurring in the area, and <a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/11\/04\/indonesia.volcano\/?hpt=T2\">CNN is reporting <\/a>lahars being seen on the volcano itself.<\/p>\n<div><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Costa-Rica-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-2287\" src=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Costa-Rica-1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Costa-Rica-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/files\/2010\/11\/10_11-Costa-Rica-1.jpg 399w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>3. Landslides in Costa Rica<\/strong><\/div>\n<div>And to complete this tale of woe, Costa Rica is suffering very heavy rainfall at the moment, which yesterday triggered a series of landslides.\u00a0 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ticotimes.net\/News\/Daily-News\/Escazu-Landslide-Leaves-at-Least-20-Dead-10-Missing-Costa-Rica-on-Red-Alert_Thursday-November-04-2010\">The Tico Times has a detailed report<\/a>on the outcome &#8211; which had resulted in the issuing of a &#8220;Code Red&#8221; warning and the \u00a0declaration of a state of national disaster.\u00a0 The worst affected area appears to be Pico Blanco in\u00a0San Antonio de Escaz\u00fa, which is a hillside\u00a0suburb located to the west of the capital San Jos\u00e9.\u00a0 Here a\u00a0series of landslides are reported to have occurred, with the most serious\u00a0killing 20 people and leaving a further\u00a0ten people missing.\u00a0 Unfortunately, the rescue attempts are being hampered by further rainfall.\u00a0\u00a0According to the aertical\u00a0the landslide was triggered by a reported c.160 mm of rainfall, which is interesting in the context of Haiti.\u00a0 The <a href=\"http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/nphotos\/Deadly-mudslide-hits-Costa-Rica-village\/ss\/events\/wl\/110410costaricamud#photoViewer=\/101104\/ids_photos_wl\/r3532072850.jpg\">Reuters image<\/a> to the\u00a0left suggests that the landslide was a high energy debris flow (look at the size of the boulders).\u00a0 The reports suggest that the landslide occurred in the\u00a0night during heavy rainfall, which is correct would have left the population directly in the path of the flow\u00a0with little chance of escape.<\/div>\n<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on the_content --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on the_content -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With three substantial natural hazard events occurring simultaneously, I\u00a0thought I would post a round-up of those rapidly-evolving events: 1. Hurricane Tomas As feared, Hurricane Tomas is now bringing heavy rainfall to Haiti.\u00a0 The path of the storm has been somewhat erratic, as the Tropical Storm Risk track map shows.\u00a0 However, the storm is now tracking in\u00a0 a generally north-northwesterly direction, and is likely to pass just to the west of &hellip;<!-- AddThis Advanced Settings generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><!-- AddThis Share Buttons generic via filter on wp_trim_excerpt --><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[307,68,67,141,34,959,495,107],"class_list":["post-2281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-costa-rica","tag-haiti","tag-hurricane","tag-indonesia","tag-lahar","tag-landslide-report","tag-pyroclastic-flow","tag-volcano"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2281"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2281\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blogs.agu.org\/landslideblog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}