A selfie of the Curiosity Rover.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.

A team of researchers led by scientists at York University’s Lassonde School of Engineering has created a model of how methane changes on Mars throughout the day by using data from a satellite, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and the Curiosity Rover. In the past, each had measured significantly different amounts of methane on Mars. The new measurements provide more clues that could help to understand what processes are important in creating the methane coming from a large 154 km- wide crater on the planet, Gale crater.

The new study, published in AGU’s journal Geophysical Research Letters today, was led by John Moores, York University Research Chair in Space Exploration and professor in the department of Earth and Space Science and Engineering at the Lassonde School of Engineering. Moores worked with a team of researchers in Canada, Australia, the United States and France and is part of NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory mission.

Methane is a key indicator of processes in the subsurface such as water-rock reactions, decomposition of clathrates or ancient accumulated meteoritic organics, and even current or past microbial activity. Scientists have been trying for more than a decade to determine what the source of methane on Mars could be, Moores says.

Researchers say that during the day, this small amount of methane is rapidly mixed and diluted by vigorous convection, leading to low overall levels within the atmosphere, as measured by the Trace Gas Orbiter high in the atmosphere. During the night, this convection decreases, allowing methane to build up near the surface, leading to the relatively high levels detected by Curiosity 1m above the surface. At dawn, convection intensifies once again, and the near-surface methane is mixed and diluted with much more atmosphere.

“It turns out that the fact that each spacecraft measures at a different time of the day and in different parts of the atmosphere are the keys to solving the apparent discrepancy.” said Moores. Using this model and both constraints on methane, researchers were able – for the first time – to calculate a single number on the rate of seepage of methane at Gale crater which was equivalent to 2.8 kg per martian day.

Previous research suggested methane changed over the course of years and over the course of seasons. But even with this faster cycling, no more than 27,000 square km of the surface may be emitting methane at the rate that Gale does.

Future spacecraft measuring methane near the surface of Mars could determine how much methane seeps out of the ground in different locations, providing insight into what subsurface processes create that methane in the atmosphere.

This post originally appeared as a press release on the York University website.